Avaliação de intervenção psicológica positiva para a promoção de saúde de aposentados / Evaluación de intervención psicológica positiva para promoción de la salud de jubilados / Evaluation of a positive psychology intervention for health promotion of retirees

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a intervenção psicológica positiva para promoção de saúde de aposentados, a partir da avaliação dos participantes, no que se refere à satisfação com o programa e com o moderador, clareza/compreensão/aplicação dos conteúdos e manutenção da aplicação ao longo de tempo, com delineamento longitudinal misto e avaliação pré (T1), pós-teste (T2) e seguimento (T3 - 03 meses). Participaram 65 aposentados que responderam ao questionário misto de avaliação do programa. Análises quantitativas indicaram maiores médias para satisfação com o programa e com o moderador; e menor média para tempo de duração do programa. 77,7% participantes em T2 e 87,2% em T3 utilizaram nas suas vidas os conteúdos trabalhados no programa. Foi observada manutenção da aplicação dos conteúdos de empatia, autocuidado, otimismo, gratidão, perdão e autoperdão. Resultados positivos demonstram que este modelo de intervenção para promoção de saúde - com base na psicologia positiva e TCC - apresenta potencial para ser aplicado em contextos de saúde pública e promoção de envelhecimento ativo.

RESUMEN Este estúdio evaluó una intervención psicológica positiva para La promoción de la salud de jubilados, basado em laevaluación de los participantes, encuanto a satisfacción com el programa y com el moderador, claridad/comprensión/aplicación de los contenidos y mantenimiento de La aplicaciónen el tiempo, condiseño longitudinal mixto y evaluación pre (T1), posterior a laprueba (T2) y seguimiento (T3 - tres meses). Participaron 65 jubilados que respondieron los cuestionarios de evaluación del programa. Los análisis cuantitativos indican promedios más altos para satisfacción conel moderador y programa; y más bajo para laduración del programa. 77.7% de los participantes en T2 y 87.2% en T3 usaron en sus vidas los contenidos trabajados em el programa. Se observo mantenimiento de la aplicación de lãs variables empatía, autocuidado, optimismo, gratitud, perdón y autoperdón. Los resultados positivos demuestran que este modelo de intervención presenta potencial de ser aplicado en contextos de salud pública y promoción Del envejecimiento activo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate a Positive Psychology programme for health promotion of retirees, based on evaluation of participants with regard to levels of satisfaction with the programme/group and with the moderator, comprehension and application of contents and maintenance/long-term application of contents. A mixed longitudinal design, with pre-test (T1), post-test (T2), and follow-up (T3 - three months) evaluations was used. 65 retirees answered a programme evaluation questionnaire. Quantitative results indicated higher mean rates for satisfaction with the moderator and programme; and lower rates for the programme length/duration. Qualitative analysis indicated that 77.7% of the sample at T2, and 87.2% at T3 reported having used contents of the programme in their lives. Maintenance of application of contents was observed for empathy, self-care, optimism, gratitude, forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Positive outcomes demonstrate this pattern of intervention for health promotion - based on Positive Psychology and CBT - presents the potential to be applied within public health contexts for the promotion of active aging.

Treatment of dementia: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

There is currently no cure for neurodegenerative or vascular dementias, but some pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions may contribute to alleviate symptoms, slow disease progression and improve quality of life. Current treatment approaches are based on etiology, symptom profile and stage of dementia. This manuscript presents recommendations on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Atualmente não há tratamento curativo para as demências neurodegenerativas ou para a demência vascular, mas algumas intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas podem contribuir para aliviar os sintomas, retardar a progressão da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida. As abordagens terapêuticas atuais são baseadas na etiologia, no perfil dos sintomas e no estágio da demência. Neste artigo apresentamos recomendações sobre os tratamentos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos da demência devida à doença de Alzheimer, comprometimento cognitivo vascular, demência frontotemporal, demência da doença de Parkinson e demência com corpos de Lewy.

Tratamento da demência: recomendações do Departamento Científico de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Envelhecimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia / Treatment of dementia: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology

RESUMO Atualmente não há tratamento curativo para as demências neurodegenerativas ou para a demência vascular, mas algumas intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas podem contribuir para aliviar os sintomas, retardar a progressão da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida. As abordagens terapêuticas atuais são baseadas na etiologia, no perfil dos sintomas e no estágio da demência. Neste artigo apresentamos recomendações sobre os tratamentos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos da demência devida à doença de Alzheimer, comprometimento cognitivo vascular, demência frontotemporal, demência da doença de Parkinson e demência com corpos de Lewy.

ABSTRACT There is currently no cure for neurodegenerative or vascular dementias, but some pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions may contribute to alleviate symptoms, slow disease progression and improve quality of life. Current treatment approaches are based on etiology, symptom profile and stage of dementia. This manuscript presents recommendations on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Development and acceptability of a brief, evidence-based Dementia Awareness for Caregivers course in low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of and attitudes towards dementia vary across countries, and for caregivers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), access to information can be challenging. There is an urgent need for brief, easily accessible and culturally appropriate educational courses for caregivers of persons with dementia, providing much needed information whilst addressing important psychological concepts such as stigma. METHODS: An international and multidisciplinary team developed Dementia Awareness for Caregivers (DAC) courses in four stages: (1) scoping review and module agreement, (2) development of an International template (DAC-International) containing a standardised process for adding information, (3) development of local DACs using a standardised format and (4) acceptability of courses in Brazil, India and Tanzania. FINDINGS: The DAC-International was developed, comprising three modules: 'What is dementia?'; 'Positive engagement' and 'Caring for someone with dementia'. Three local versions were developed from this (DAC-Brazil, DAC-India and DAC-Tanzania), where additions of country-specific information included prevalent stereotypes and the addition of culturally relevant case studies. An initial field test was conducted in each country (n = 85), which indicated acceptability to participants. CONCLUSIONS: The methods used here resulted in culturally valid and acceptable educational courses for carers of people with dementia. Future work will consist of large-scale, formal evaluations and the development of additional local courses.

Psychosocial interventions for dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review of effectiveness and implementation readiness.

INTRODUCTION: Despite wide uptake in high-income countries (HICs), less is known about the effectiveness and implementation of psychological, social and cognitive interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite this, such interventions are increasingly used. The aim of this review was to appraise the effectiveness and implementation readiness of psychosocial interventions for people with dementia in LMICs. METHODS: A systematic search of databases from 1998-2019. Studies were rated on two scales assessing quality and implementation readiness. RESULTS: Seventeen articles describing 11 interventions in six countries were evaluated. Interventions included Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST), a Multidisciplinary Cognitive Rehabilitation Programme (MCRP), singing interventions, occupational therapy and reminiscence therapy. The quality of included studies was variable, and many had low sample sizes. Evidence for improving both cognition and quality of life was found in two interventions: Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) and a Multidisciplinary Cognitive Rehabilitation Programme (MCRP). Implementation issues were more likely to be explored in studies of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) than in any other intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Of the included studies here, CST appears to be the most implementation ready, improving both cognition and quality of life with implementation readiness effectively explored in two LMIC countries: India and Tanzania.

Challenges in dementia care: comparing key issues from Brazil and the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop took place in July 2019 in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, with an interdisciplinary group of health and care professionals from the United Kingdom and from Brazil to address challenges in diagnosis, public perception and care of dementia. The aim of this article is to present the results identified in relation to challenges in the care of dementia, including recommendations that could potentially guide local and State/Municipal authorities and care services for people with dementia in the future. Four key issues were prioritised to identify challenges and generate possible solutions in Brazil and the United Kingdom: I) limitations of current health systems; II) continuous and long-term support for family carers (pre-diagnosis, mourning); III) support for people with advanced dementia and end-of-life care; IV) support for people with young-onset dementia. In both countries, carers feel left without post-diagnostic support; information on the progression of dementia is lacking and some people do not even have a specific diagnosis; encouraging and providing training for carers best manage some of the symptoms is imperative; preparation for end of life care and support carers after the death of their loved ones remains highly needed; strengthening services and qualification of health professionals, also creating protocols to guide dementia-related services represent a common challenge to overcome. The authors outline recommendations according to the issues identified to assist future formulation of adequate policies and services for people with dementia and carers.

O United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop aconteceu em julho de 2019 na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com a presença de grupo interdisciplinar de profissionais de saúde e assistência do Reino Unido e Brasil, para abordar desafios no diagnóstico, percepção pública e cuidado à pessoa com demência. O objetivo do presente artigo foi apresentar os resultados encontrados em relação aos desafios no tratamento da demência, incluindo recomendações que possam potencialmente orientar autoridades locais e estaduais/municipais e serviços de atenção à pessoa com demência. Quatro questões-chave foram priorizadas para identificar desafios e gerar possíveis soluções no Brasil e no Reino Unido: I) limitações atuais dos sistemas de saúde; II) suporte contínuo e de longo prazo para cuidadores familiares (pré-diagnóstico, luto); III) apoio a pessoas com demência avançada e cuidados no fim de vida; IV) apoio a pessoas com demência precoce. Em ambos os países, cuidadores se percebem sem apoio pós-diagnóstico; faltam informações sobre a progressão da demência e algumas pessoas sequer têm diagnóstico específico; encorajar e providenciar treino para cuidadores melhor lidarem com sintomas é imperativo; preparação para cuidados no fim da vida e apoio aos cuidadores após morte de familiares permanecem necessários; fortalecer os serviços e qualificação de profissionais de saúde, além de elaborar protocolos para guiar serviços relacionados à demência, é desafio comum a ser superado. Os autores apresentam recomendações quanto às questões identificadas para auxiliar na futura formulação de políticas públicas e serviços para pessoas com demência e cuidadores.

Challenges in dementia care: comparing key issues from Brazil and the United Kingdom / Desafios no cuidado a pessoas com demência: comparando questões-chave entre Brasil e Reino Unido

ABSTRACT. The United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop took place in July 2019 in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, with an interdisciplinary group of health and care professionals from the United Kingdom and from Brazil to address challenges in diagnosis, public perception and care of dementia. The aim of this article is to present the results identified in relation to challenges in the care of dementia, including recommendations that could potentially guide local and State/Municipal authorities and care services for people with dementia in the future. Four key issues were prioritised to identify challenges and generate possible solutions in Brazil and the United Kingdom: I) limitations of current health systems; II) continuous and long-term support for family carers (pre-diagnosis, mourning); III) support for people with advanced dementia and end-of-life care; IV) support for people with young-onset dementia. In both countries, carers feel left without post-diagnostic support; information on the progression of dementia is lacking and some people do not even have a specific diagnosis; encouraging and providing training for carers best manage some of the symptoms is imperative; preparation for end of life care and support carers after the death of their loved ones remains highly needed; strengthening services and qualification of health professionals, also creating protocols to guide dementia-related services represent a common challenge to overcome. The authors outline recommendations according to the issues identified to assist future formulation of adequate policies and services for people with dementia and carers.

RESUMO. O United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop aconteceu em julho de 2019 na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com a presença de grupo interdisciplinar de profissionais de saúde e assistência do Reino Unido e Brasil, para abordar desafios no diagnóstico, percepção pública e cuidado à pessoa com demência. O objetivo do presente artigo foi apresentar os resultados encontrados em relação aos desafios no tratamento da demência, incluindo recomendações que possam potencialmente orientar autoridades locais e estaduais/municipais e serviços de atenção à pessoa com demência. Quatro questões-chave foram priorizadas para identificar desafios e gerar possíveis soluções no Brasil e no Reino Unido: I) limitações atuais dos sistemas de saúde; II) suporte contínuo e de longo prazo para cuidadores familiares (pré-diagnóstico, luto); III) apoio a pessoas com demência avançada e cuidados no fim de vida; IV) apoio a pessoas com demência precoce. Em ambos os países, cuidadores se percebem sem apoio pós-diagnóstico; faltam informações sobre a progressão da demência e algumas pessoas sequer têm diagnóstico específico; encorajar e providenciar treino para cuidadores melhor lidarem com sintomas é imperativo; preparação para cuidados no fim da vida e apoio aos cuidadores após morte de familiares permanecem necessários; fortalecer os serviços e qualificação de profissionais de saúde, além de elaborar protocolos para guiar serviços relacionados à demência, é desafio comum a ser superado. Os autores apresentam recomendações quanto às questões identificadas para auxiliar na futura formulação de políticas públicas e serviços para pessoas com demência e cuidadores.

A New Approach for Developing "Implementation Plans" for Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Results From the CST-International Study.

Background: Even with a strong evidence base, many healthcare interventions fail to be translated to clinical practice due to the absence of robust implementation strategies. For disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, access to evidence-based interventions beyond research settings is of great importance. Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) is a brief, group-based intervention, with consistent evidence of effectiveness. Methods: An implementation focused, three-phase methodology was developed using extensive stakeholder engagement. The methods resulted in a standardized Implementation Plan for the successful translation of CST from research to practice. The methodology was developed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and refined in three countries that vary in levels of economic development and healthcare systems (Brazil, India and Tanzania). Results: Five Implemention Plans for CST were produced. Each plan contained implementation strategies and action plans devised in conjunction with policy professionals, healthcare professionals, people with dementia and family carers, and an international team of researchers and clinicians. Conclusion: This novel methodology can act as a template for implementation studies in diverse healthcare systems across the world. It is an effective means of devising socio-culturally informed Implementation Plans that account for economic realities, health equity and healthcare access.

Multicomponent positive psychology intervention for health promotion of Brazilian retirees: a quasi-experimental study.

This study evaluated the effects and impact of a multicomponent positive psychology program for health promotion of retirees. A quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used, and the baseline and end of intervention evaluations were analyzed. The intervention consisted of six weekly group sessions for 2 h each. Eighty-eight retirees (females = 72) aged 49-86 (M = 65.66, SD = 7.53) from South Brazil took part in the study, 54 (females = 48) in the experimental group (M = 66.37 years old, SD = 7.42), and 34 (females = 24) waitlist controls (M = 64.53 years old, SD = 7.68). The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the scales: Interpersonal Reactivity Index; 12-item General Health Questionnaire; Life Orientation Test-Revised;14-item Perceived Stress Scale; Resilience Scale; and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Mixed factorial ANOVA models revealed significant decrease in depression and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress levels, whereas improvement in life satisfaction and resilience was detected in the experimental group at the end of the program. No main effect was found for empathy and optimism. Interaction effects yielded significant difference between groups for measures of empathy, optimism, depression, and anxiety symptoms after the program. There was no significant interaction effect for the other outcome variables. The usefulness and applicability of this model of intervention to aid future health practices and policies are discussed. Contextual issues in the fields of health promotion and disease prevention in Brazil are also problematized.

Multicomponent positive psychology intervention for health promotion of Brazilian retirees: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract This study evaluated the effects and impact of a multicomponent positive psychology program for health promotion of retirees. A quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used, and the baseline and end of intervention evaluations were analyzed. The intervention consisted of six weekly group sessions for 2 h each. Eighty-eight retirees (females = 72) aged 49-86 ( M = 65.66, SD = 7.53) from South Brazil took part in the study, 54 (females = 48) in the experimental group ( M = 66.37 years old, SD = 7.42), and 34 (females = 24) waitlist controls ( M = 64.53 years old, SD = 7.68). The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the scales: Interpersonal Reactivity Index; 12-item General Health Questionnaire; Life Orientation Test-Revised;14-item Perceived Stress Scale; Resilience Scale; and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Mixed factorial ANOVA models revealed significant decrease in depression and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress levels, whereas improvement in life satisfaction and resilience was detected in the experimental group at the end of the program. No main effect was found for empathy and optimism. Interaction effects yielded significant difference between groups for measures of empathy, optimism, depression, and anxiety symptoms after the program. There was no significant interaction effect for the other outcome variables. The usefulness and applicability of this model of intervention to aid future health practices and policies are discussed. Contextual issues in the fields of health promotion and disease prevention in Brazil are also problematized.

Critérios metodológicos para a avaliação de programas de intervenção em psicologia / Methodological criteria for the evaluation of intervention programs in psychology / Criterios metodológicos para evaluación de programas de intervención en psicología

A área de avaliação de programas de intervenção em Psicologia ainda é incipiente no Brasil, embora o processo de monitoramento e avaliação de programas seja fundamental para o aperfeiçoamento de práticas e alocação de recursos para fins de desenvolvimento social. Este artigo teórico visa discutir conceitos/definições na área de avaliação de programas, além de apresentar critérios científicos adotados para avaliação de eficácia e efetividade de programas de intervenção. São apresentados critérios metodológicos, de acordo com agências internacionais de referência, para intervenções de promoção de saúde e prevenção de doenças, assim como diferentes indicadores de resultados de programas de intervenção. O artigo destaca também critérios para avaliar estudos de viabilidade/piloto, como prática ainda pouco comum, tanto em contexto nacional quanto internacional. Por fim, é ressaltada a importância dos critérios científicos na elaboração, desenvolvimento e avaliação de programas de intervenção na área de saúde. (AU)

The evaluation area of intervention programs in Psychology is still incipient in Brazil, although the process of monitoring and evaluating programs is fundamental for the improvement of practices and allocation of resources for social development purposes. This theoretical article aims to discuss concepts/definitions in the area of program evaluation, besides presenting scientific criteria adopted to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of intervention programs. Methodological criteria are presented, according to international reference agencies, for interventions to promote health and disease prevention, as well as different indicators of the results of intervention programs. The article also outlines criteria to evaluate feasibility/pilot studies, as a practice still uncommon, both in the national and international context. Finally, the importance of scientific criteria in the elaboration, development and evaluation of intervention programs in the health area is emphasized. (AU)

En Brasil, el área de evaluación de programas de intervención en Psicología todavía es incipiente, aunque el proceso de monitoreo y evaluación de programas es fundamental para el perfeccionamiento de prácticas y asignación de recursos para fines de desarrollo social. Este artículo teórico busca discutir conceptos/definiciones en el área de evaluación de programas, además de presentar criterios científicos adoptados para evaluación de eficacia y efectividad de programas de intervención. Se presentan criterios metodológicos de acuerdo con agencias internacionales de referencia, para intervenciones de promoción en salud y prevención de enfermedades, así como diferentes indicadores de resultados de programas de intervención. El artículo destaca también criterios para evaluar estudios de viabilidad/piloto, como práctica todavía poco común, tanto en el contexto nacional como internacional. Por último, se resalta la importancia de los criterios científicos en la elaboración, desarrollo y evaluación de programas de intervención en el área de salud. (AU)

Autoconceito e práticas contraceptivas e sexuais em estudantes universitários / Self-concept and contraceptive and sexual practices amongst university students / Auto concepto y prácticas anticonceptivas y sexuales en estudiantes universitarios

Buscou-se investigar se as dimensões do autoconceito diferem de acordo com as práticas contraceptivas e sexuais de jovens universitários. Participaram 295 universitários, que responderam a um questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos, conhecimentos e práticas contraceptivas e à Escala Fatorial de Autoconceito. Houve diferenças na dimensão ético-moral de acordo com o uso de contraceptivos, e nas dimensões atitude social, segurança e somático de acordo com a utilização do preservativo. As dimensões ético-moral e autocontrole apresentaram diferenças entre os jovens que relataram conversar com o parceiro, enquanto que a receptividade social diferiu de acordo com a idade da iniciação sexual. Conclui-se que o reforço de valores ético-morais e o desenvolvimento de habilidades interpessoais podem ser importantes para a adesão à contracepção entre jovens.

The aim of this study was to investigate associations between dimensions of self-concept and contraceptive and sexual practices amongst university youth. Participants were 295 university students, who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire which also contained questions related to contraceptive knowledge and practices, and the Self-Concept Scale (EFA). There were associations between contraceptive use and the ethic moral dimension, as well as preservative, which also were associated with the ethic-moral, social attitude, security and somatic dimensions. Keeping contraceptive conversation with a partner was associated with the ethic-moral and self-control dimensions, whereas the age of sexual initiation was associated with social receptivity. Reinforcement of ethic-moral values and the development of interpersonal skills may be important factors underlying the adherence to contraception amongst university youth.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre las dimensiones del autoconcepto y las prácticas anticonceptivas y sexuales entre jóvenes universitarios. Participaron 295 universitarios, que respondieron a un cuestionario sobre datos sociodemográficos, conocimientos y prácticas anticonceptivas y la Escala Factorial de Autoconcepto. Los resultados mostraron asociaciones entre el uso de anticonceptivos y la dimensión ético-moral, así como el uso del preservativo, que también está relacionado con la actitud social, la seguridad, y la dimensión somática. Hablar con el compañero acerca de anticonceptivos se asoció con la dimensión ético-moral y de autocontrol, mientras que la edad de iniciación sexual se asoció con la receptividad social. Así, el fortalecimiento de los valores éticos y morales y el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales pueden ser importantes para la adhesión a las prácticas anticonceptivas seguras entre los jóvenes.

Cognitive aspects underlying pain and neuro-physiological responses / Respuestas cognitivas y neurofisiológicos subyacentes al dolor

Health Psychology has intensely investigated the possible cognitive factors involved in, or responsible for, individuals' physical, emotional and behavioural well-being. The studies of pain have been addressed as a major point of concern in this area because they are reliant on individual differences and susceptible to subjects' interpretations of pain. Research identified that different cognitive mechanisms play a role in individuals' reports of pain signals. The impact of cognition on individuals' perceptions of pain might even trigger neurological-driven responses which, in some cases, could be avoided by the usage of certain cognitive strategies. This paper outlines the main cognitive aspects and processes of pain and neuro-physiological responses

A Psicologia da Saúde tem investigado intensamente os possíveis fatores cognitivos envolvidos em - ou responsáveis por - bem-estar físico, emocional e comportamental dos indivíduos. Um importante fator de preocupação dessa área tem sido os estudos sobre a dor, pois sua análise é dependente de diferenças individuais e é suscetível a interpretações pessoais dos sujeitos. Pesquisas identificaram que diferentes mecanismos cognitivos desempenham um papel nos relatos de sinais de dor dos indivíduos. O impacto da cognição sobre a percepção de dor dos indivíduos pode desencadear respostas neurológicas que, em alguns casos, poderiam ser evitadas pelo uso de certas estratégias cognitivas. Este artigo descreve os principais aspectos e processos cognitivos da dor e suas respostas neurofisiológicas.

La Psicología de la Salud ha investigado intensamente los posibles factores cognitivos implicados en, o responsables de, bienestar físico, emocional y comportamental de los individuos. Los estudios sobre el dolor se abordaron como un factor importante de preocupación en este ámbito, debido a que la construcción depende de diferencias individuales y susceptibles de poseer interpretaciones de los sujetos. Investigaciones han identificado que diferentes mecanismos cognitivos juegan un papel en los relatos de señales de dolor de los individuos a. El impacto de la cognición en la percepción del dolor de individuos puede incluso provocar respuestas neurológicas, que en algunos casos podrían evitarse mediante el uso de ciertas estrategias cognitivas. Este artículo describe los principales aspectos y procesos cognitivos del dolor y las respuestas neurofisiológicas